Principles of infection prevention and control Essay Example for Free

Principles of infection prevention and control Essay The Public Health (Control of Diseases) Act 1984. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Regulations 1992, Controlled Waste Regulations 1992, Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999, The Food Safety Act 1990 and also the Food Safety Act (General Food Hygiene) Regulations 1995. The Public Health (Control of Diseases) Act 1984 states that doctors in England and Wales are obligated to make a ‘Proper Officer’ of the local authority aware if they are aware of or suspect an individual is suffering from what is deemed a notifiable disease. The procedure in that scenario to be carried out is that a doctor is required to complete a certificate stating the individual’s personal details such as name, age, sex and also the address of the building where the individual is. The condition the individual is either suffering or suspected suffering from, the date the condition started and if the building where the individual is located is a hospital the date the individual was admitted to hospital, the location where the individual came from to get to the hospital and an opinion has to be given from the authorised person giving the certificate is the condition was contracted in the hospital. A list of notifiable diseases can be accessed on the Health Protection Agency’s website. In the United Kingdom suspected diseases and diagnosed diseases that have to be reported are bacteria, viruses and various other diseases. Read more: Key principles of good personal hygiene Bacteria diseases consist of: Anthrax, Botulism, Brucellosis, Cholera, Diphtheria, Encephalitis, Haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS), Legionnaire’s Disease, Leprosy, Meningococcal septicaemia/ Acute Meningitis, Paratyphoid fever, pertussis also known as Whooping Cough, Plague, Scarlet Fever, Group A Streptococcal disease, Tetanus, Tuberculosis (TB), Typhoid Fever and Typhus. The virus diseases that mandatory to report are: Hepatitis, Measles, Mumps, Poliomyelitis, Rabies, Rubella, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome, Smallpox, Yellow Fever and Viral haemorrhagic fever. The other diseases that are required to be reported are: Food poisoning and Malaria. All organisations should keep copies of either the notification certificate or counterfoils from a notification book are securely held and also retained for the recommended minimum period of time as a records management consideration.

Service Oriented Architecture And What Advantages Information Technology Essay

Service Oriented Architecture And What Advantages Information Technology Essay The project aims to clearly define SOA, definition SOA, history overview, characteristics, SWOT analysis, and importance of SOA now-a-days, advantages and disadvantages of SOA as compared with other architecture. The project clearly defines the reader the clear overview of SOA which can help them to understand SOA and the comparison with other architecture. In these days SOA is well known and well discussed topic by IT vendors all over the world. IBM, HP, Microsoft, SAP and many other major IT companies use SOA and some of them amending SOA and represent into new tune. SOA is the group of new software bind together to allow IT vendors to produce something else which is latest and flexible. SOA has special and unique characteristics. For effective use of SOA the developers and designer need to understand the characteristics and SOA concepts. (Hurwitz, Judith, et al, 2007) History of SOA It was a big challenge in IT and business to find the service which can make integration between IT and business for achieving business objectives. As it seems that it is very easy but in reality it is very complex. In the past computer applications were developed for specific particular task without integration to other system. In the modern computing the applications are much more distributed. Now a single application shared into several components like emails, DNS services etc. it is more practical to use components based computing rather than using one application for one task. (Service-Oriented Architecture, 2010) In the past if the account holder needs the information about the account then the customer service representative has to go to one terminal and enter the account number. If the customer needs the saving account information then the representative has to enter the account number in the different terminal. The problem was that each account type has different interfaces. Now-a-days with the successful implementation of SOA and distributed systems banks are now interconnected which improved customer services and customer satisfaction. It also reduced the cost and time.(Rosen,Boris Smith, 2008) Before explaining SOA the software architecture needs to be explained. Software architecture is a new field in the software engineering. Software architecture highlighted the components of the system and how they interact with each other. The interaction between these components is called connectors. (Stevens, 2002) The definition of Software architecture is as followed The software architecture of a program or computing system is the structure or structures of the system, which comprise software components, the externally visible properties of those components, and the relationships among them. (Bass, Clements, and Kazman 1997) Figure 2.1 Components and connectors of system software architecture What is SOA? On the basis of software engineering SOA is an IT architecture which is based on the delivery of reusability of well-defined business. The IT components are under pinned in such a way that the consumer (customer) and provider (business) are loosely coupled. SOA give the independence to enable components to be implemented in different platforms and computer languages. SOA give the great flexibility to re-assemble the existing IT components to build a new solution. There is no restriction in SOA that where there components resides and how things will create. The big misconception about SOA is that most people think that SOA is a technology. However, SOA is not a technology it is the approach to software design that assemble systems from a reusable components and services may originated from different resources and different technology environment. The services provided by SOA can be distributed across heterogeneous platforms which maximize the business and IT agility. (Introduction-to- Service-Oriented-Architecture-SOA, 2010) There are many definitions of SOA. The definition of SOA which can be more likely to understand is as followed: A service oriented architecture is a framework for integrating business processes and supporting IT as secure, standardized components service that can be reused and combined to address changing priorities (Bieberstein, Norbert, et al, 2010) SOA is flexible architecture design. SOA is not only simple architecture it builds architecture on the basis of existing architecture and build more advance software architecture. (Oasis, 2006) According to Jamil SOA is a design pattern which is composed of loosely coupled, discoverable, reusable, inter-operable platform agnostic services in which each of these services follow a well-defined standard. Each of these services can be bound or unbound at any time and as needed. (Jamil, 2010) In this definition it did not indicate any service that what service is being provided in this architecture. It did not describe about software. On the basis of SOA the hardware architecture can be designed effectively. Basically SOA architecture plays the role of bridge between embedded systems and enterprise software. Many companies are making integrated systems now-a-days and SOA is playing a very important role in the integrated systems for integration. SOA makes changes easier SOA makes changes easier in the business and IT environment. IT Systems are the collection of software, hardware and networks. These IT components (software, hardware and networks) are integrated with each other. For making change between them is very difficult. It is very easy to reuse and assemble the components with the help of SOA. For example if a business provides some services to customer like checking credits, checking shipping status and inventory. With the help of SOA we can assemble components in any way as required by the business. When a business needs to be changed then instead of doing work from the beginning we have to reuse and re-arrange the components and services to make something new. SOA help us to save the time and money. We can add new components or someone elses components to make the IT to build something new. SOA helps to grow the business. It gave the flexibility to make change in our business easily which helps business to innovate new. (Rosen Michael, Lu blinsky Boris Smith Kevin T., 2008). The base of SOA is based on loosely coupled services in which software components can easily communicate with each other. These components do not have to know their technical details. (Service-Oriented Architecture, 2010) SOA Model Registry Publish Find Service Provider Service Customer Service Consumer Service consumer executes the service by sending it a request formatted according to the contract. Service Provider Service provider publishes its contract in the registry for access by service consumers. Service Registry Service registry is a network-based directory that contains available services. It is an entity that accepts and stores contracts from service providers and provides those contracts to interested service consumers. Advantages and Disadvantages of Service-Oriented Architecture Advantages of Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA) This section shows the advantages of SOA in the following aspects. SOA benefits to distributed computing SOA short term benefits SOA long term benefits SOA benefits from the business prospective SOA benefits t to distributed computing Location independence SOA is loosely coupled architecture and location is important factor for loosely coupled architecture. Loosely coupled architecture like SOA provides many requests of the same service from the different location. SOA provides location independence. In SOA architecture services does not need a particular network or specific system.(Bieberstein, 2006) Completely loosely coupled SOA has loosely coupled approach and the quality of this service is that if you want to change the service in one location then it does not need to change linked services. Dynamic search and  connectivity to other services SOA short term benefits SOA has many short term benefits like Enhancing reliability Reducing hardware acquisition costs Leverages existing development skills Providing data bridge between business and IT (Introduction-to-Service-Oriented-Architecture-SOA, 2010) SOA long term benefits SOA provides the following long term benefits Ability to build composite  compatible applications Reducing management costs Real-time decision making applications (Introduction-to-Service-Oriented-Architecture-SOA, 2010) SOA benefits from the business prospective Change more quickly according to the customer Low cost of maintenance technology Leverages existing investments in technology Reduces expensive custom development cost (Introduction-to-Service-Oriented-Architecture-SOA, 2010) The main advantage of SOA is that it fits in business and IT gaps. In the recent world there are many forces contributing in business environement like competition, new products and other endless factors. In the past, IT groups were struggling for fill out this IT and business gap. SOA filled this gap by building an integration between IT and business. One thing which we have to keep in our minds while implementing SOA in the organizations that SOA is not a complete success it is based on how SOA is being designed?. For example, if anyone wants to replace the AVsystem they can replace it with better DVD player. So, they can buy DVD player and replace AV system quickly. Similarly if an organization wants to replace old CRM with new CRM they can easily buy one and integrate with existing system with the help of SOA. But the success of SOA is that how it is designed?. (Barry, 2003) SOA services are used by multiple clients. So, SOA has their own security systemsalso. Multiple level security increased the security of the system. SOA architecture integrate application with each other which solved the problem of software incompatibility and as a result it has low integration cost. SOA facilitate the organization to adapt change quikly. With the help of SOA organizations can adapt change according to market situation. (Barry, 2003) Disadvantages of Service-Oriented Architecture Although there are many advantages of SOA but there are some disadvantages also. SOA is based on loosely coupled architecture thats why SOA has no synchronization element. In SOA process there are some illogical steps followed which are not the part of the SOA model. SOA is not recommended for the following applications. SOA is not for the systems which are stand alone or non-distributed e.g. word processor does not has request and respond based calls. SOA is not suitable for applications which are short term and those applications which have no attention of reusability in the future. Applications which have lots of data of geographical manipulation data are also not suitable with SOA. (Disadvantages of SOA , 2010) Comparison with other architectures SOA vs. Components based architecture If we compare SOA and component based architecture then there is no clear line between them. The main difference between them is connection between and the possibilities offer single service for third party. Conclusion In the conclusion SOA is not the aver night architecture that happens suddenly or overnight. To implement SOA it needs patience consistency and right way of implementation. SOA has many advantages and disadvantages. SOA by itself does not have major problem but the way of implementation is the key point of success. SOA has many challenges but the challenges are more likely relevant to business rather than IT. It is also considered that SOA is not the solution for all the software development problems. SOA has too many problems like the required service according to circumstances, acceptable performance and security. Although there are many advantages and disadvantages of implementing SOA but the key success of implementing of SOA is the way of implementation SOA. How SOA is being implemented in the organization? References Bass, L., Clements, P., and Kazman, R. Software Architecture in Practice. Addison- Wesley, 1997. Bieberstein, Norbert, et al. Chapter 1 Introducing SOA.Executing SOA: A Practical Guide for the Service-Oriented Architect.  IBM Press,  Ã‚ © 2008.  Books24x7. Web.  Nov. 16, 2010.http://common.books24x7.com.librouter.hud.ac.uk/book/id_27520/book.asp Barry, D. K. (2003). Web services and service-oriented architecture: the savvy managers guide. San Francisco,CA: Morgan Kaufmann Publisher. Bieberstein Norbert, Marc Fiammante, Keith Jones, Rawn Shah . (2006). Service-oriented architecture compass: business value, planning. US: Pearson Plc. Ejaz Jamil, What really is SOA. A comparison with Cloud Computing, Web 2.0, SaaS, WOA, Web Services, PaaS and others. Web.Nov.17,2010.http://soalib.com/doc/whitepaper/SoalibWhitePaper_SOAJargon.pdf Hurwitz, Judith, et al. Service Oriented Architecture for Dummies.  Service Oriented Architecture For Dummies.  John Wiley Sons,  Ã‚ © 2007.  Books24x7. Web.  Nov. 16, 2010. Juneja, Girish, et al. Chapter 1 Introduction.  Service Oriented Architecture Demystified.  Intel Press,  Ã‚ © 2007.Books24x7. Web.  Nov. 16, 2010. Marks, Eric A., and  Michael Bell. Chapter 1 Introduction to the SOA Business Model.  Service-Oriented Architecture: A Planning and Implementation Guide for Business and Technology.  John Wiley Sons,  Ã‚ © 2006.  Books24x7. Web.Nov. 16, 2010. Rosen Michael, Lublinsky Boris Smith Kevin T. (2008). Applied SOA : Service-Oriented Architecture and Design Strategies. John Wiley Sons. Stevens, Michael. Service-Oriented Architecture Introduction.web. Nov.16,2010.http://www.developer.com/services/article.php/1010451 Schmutz, Guido,  Daniel Liebhart, and  Peter Welkenbach. Chapter 1 Basic Principles.  Service Oriented Architecture: An Integration Blueprint: A Real-world SOA Strategy for the Integration of Heterogeneous Enterprise Systems.  Packt Publishing,  Ã‚ © 2010.  Books24x7. Web.  Nov. 16, 2010.http://common.books24x7.com.librouter.hud.ac.uk/book/id_35815/book.asp Service-Oriented Architecture. (2010). Retrieved 11 22, 2010, from What is Service-Oriented Architecture?: http://www.bestpricecomputers.co.uk/glossary/service-oriented-architecture.htm Top of Form Bottom of Form Top of Form Bottom of Form

The Stranger by Albert Camus - Man or Monster? :: The Stranger The Outsider

Man or Monster in Camus’ The Stranger (The Outsider) In Albert Camus’ absurdist novel, The Stranger, Meursault’s detachment from society and his killing of the Arab reveal moral and ethical implications for him and his society. As is common in many absurdist novels, Camus discusses the estrangement - and later development - of an individual in a benign and indifferent universe, one in which conformity prevails. Camus not only satirizes the conformity of society, but religion and the legal system as well. By writing in the first person (from the standpoint of Meursault), he draws in the reader, making the evils of society more prevalent. The conflict is established at the end of Part I, when Meursault kills an Arab; an action not uncommon in Algiers during this period of social unrest (the 1930’s). He does not do it intentionally, but rather because of the intensity of the moment and the blinding sunlight reflecting off of the Arab’s blade.   The fact that Meursault kills an Arab is of little importance in this novel. The jury and the general population despise him because he is different, not because of the murder. Even Meursault’s lawyer predicts that the punishment will be minimal. Throughout the entire trial, the prosecution stresses Meursault’s lifestyle and his indifference to everything. They bring up his mother’s funeral and say that he showed no signs of emotion. To make things worse, he went to a Fernandel comedy and had sex with Marie on the very next day. The prosecutor once states, â€Å"...all I see is a monster.† It is true that Meursault was different from the rest of society. However, he changes throughout the trial and eventually becomes an existentialist hero. This is because he finds meaning in life. It is ironic, though, that he learns to appreciate life after his is effectively over. His apathetic approach to life is made clear from the first page: â€Å"Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I don’t know.† This foreshadows his approach to everything else in the book. His indifference to Maman’s death contrast’s significantly to Salamano’s distress at losing his dog. Many of the characters in this book also function to highlight his qualities through contrast. At the end of the book, after coming to a realization, Meursault does not want to die and for the first time, he shows emotion. He shakes and screams at the chaplain and says, â€Å"It was the first time in my life I wanted to kiss a man,† when Celeste speaks up for him at the trial.

education Essay -- essays research papers

Learning is the act or experience of one that learns knowledge or skill acquired by instruction or study, modification of a behavioral tendency by experience (as exposure to conditioning). Education is one of the most important tools that a society possesses. The right implementation of this tool is one of the greatest ways of assuring the quality of life within a society. The ability to better ourselves, is one of the strongest inherit abilities of the human race. Without the consistent development of the human race, life would be nothing more than survival. At its most basic level of definition, education is nothing more than the teaching of ideas. The early stages of schooling instill more attitude and social skills than knowledge. The younger stages of a person's life are usually the most definable years of their lives. As the age and skill level of the student increases, more education is based upon the interest of the student. Education has its downfalls. Students are only taught what society sees fit to teach them. This ideology has an astound effect when used as controlling propaganda. If a society doesn't want students to learn about a certain period of history, then it is not taught. Children might hear stories or tales from elders, but the majority is left in ignorance. In the United States, education is a tool to succeed in life. The quality of education that a student receives depends upon many issues. One of the biggest differences in education is between publi...

Type A Personalities Essay -- Psychology, Control Freaks

I have often heard of people referred to as having Type A personalities, but for a long time did not understand the meaning of the term. Type A behavior is consistent with a person who is aggressive, ambitious, competitive, task oriented and always on the move (Ivanchevich p. 257). At times, Type A's are referred to as "control freaks" (Stone). Individuals with Type A behavior work very hard at getting the most done in the littlest time possible; they often finish peoples sentence because of their explosive speech pattern; they are impatient and can become irritated when put in situations where they must wait since they consider it a waste of their valuable time (Ivancevich p. 257). Type A's prefer things to be done their way, with little regard for people who see things differently than them and will take control of situations whenever possible, even when there is an appointed leader (Stone). The best way to deal with Type A behavior is to give these individuals the recognition they are looking for without empowering them (Stone). Type A's unknowingly fear receiving the type of treatment they use on others, therefore acknowledging their efforts will usually appease them (Stone). Type B The opposite of Type A behavior is known as Type B behavior. This person is relaxed, patient, steady and even-tempered (Ivancevich p. 258). Type B personalities go with the flow of things and do not usually worry about time pressures or pressure by other persons (Ivancevich p. 258). Type B individuals are confident and may a good amount of drive, but they work at their own pace (Ivancevich p. 258). Type B personalities enjoy winning, but do not stress out if they lose. Type B's are also reflective and often think of other and find... ...se. Type B's are also reflective and often think of other and find ways to help out when they can (Type A). In the story, "The Tortoise and the Hare", the Tortoise was laid back and took his time to reach his goal, whereas the Hare was aggressive and ruthless. The same comparison can be made with Type B's as the Tortoise and Type A's as the Hare. Type B behavior, although not wrong in itself, can be a source of stress for others in the workplace that do not display the same behavior type (Ivancevich p. 253). According to my research, the best way to deal with conflict arising from behavior type differences is to educate individuals about their differences in order to bring awareness and cohesiveness (Gordon). Manager's need to recognize the basis of employee's personalities in order to better coach and develop them as integral parts of the workforce (Gordon).

What is the meaning of Women Empowerment?

In the middle of the 18th century, women empowerment was greatly demonstrated through boycotts and uprisings. Not only women from the lower class suffered, but women from the middle class suffered as well. Lower class women who were working in factories would work the same amount as their male counterparts, get constantly mistreated and would still get paid lower than men. Middle class women had to always listen to their husband and never go against them. There were a lot of stereotypes between the freedom of men and women. Because of these stereotypes, this caused women to rebel and most women were very well aware of their subordinate status in their community and applied several feminist movements. One women who showed high representation of women empowerment was Abigail Adams. Abigail was the wife of president John Adams and had five children. Since she was married to the president, she was always left alone at the house taking care of all her five children as well as their farm. Since her husband was hardly home, she got very bored doing the same activities everyday. Abigail indicated many concerns, through a letters to her husband, about women and how they are being treated in society. Abigail wrote several letters to her husband, but one of her letters stated that â€Å"Remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favourable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands. Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could. If perticuliar care and attention is not paid to the Laidies we are determined to foment a Rebelion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation.† He letter was one of the first steps to to fight for women's rights and freedom. She exclaims that men should not have all the power in their homes because they would all become oppressors. Abigail also told her husband that if women did not get equal rights, they would rebel and not pursue the laws where they had no voice or representation in. Lastly, she emphasized the fact that John Adams needs to remember the rights of women when the Declaration of Independence was being written.

Red Hunting Hat Essay

What does symbolism add to a book? It adds morals and depth to the novel. It makes the reader learn something interesting or lets them gain knowledge of something that can change their outlook on how they perceive things. In the novel Catcher in the Rye, by J. D. Salinger, it is about a perplexed boy, Holden Caulfield. He has trouble dealing the issue of growing up. One of the major symbols in the book is Holden’s red hunting hat. Salinger uses the hat to signify Holden’s need for comfort and his adolescent problems and pressures. To begin, when reading the novel one seems to come upon Holden‘s red hunting hat many times while reading. This hunting hat demonstrates Holden’s need for safety and comfort. He was deprived of it when he was a child; for nobody ever asked him how he felt about his younger brother death and his moving to different schools. The assurance one object can create is immense and that’s exactly what it did for Holden. Holden decides to leave Pencey early and heads to New York City. In cab he puts on his hat and says â€Å"I’d put on my red hunting hat when I was in the cab, just for the hell of it, but I took it off before I checked in† (61). This quote illustrates how Holden feels the need to wear the hat in order to feel safe. He was out in New York City with nowhere to turn too and he had no place to go where he would feel welcomed. The hat seemed to give him a sense of ease, but with that comfort there is a price to pay because he also felt insecure about how people will perceive him while wearing the hat. the red hunting hat is Holden’s desire to be unique and keep his individuality. Not many people will walk down the street wearing a red hunting hat, especially the way Holden wears it. Holden always wore the hat a certain way. â€Å"I put my red hunting hat on, and turned the peak around to the back, the way I like it†¦ † (52). Holden always put his hat on this way, showing he is clearly different from the world. Usually when Holden is wearing his hat he tends to reject people, or has just previously rejected them. Subsequently, the hat also gives Holden insecurity that seems to cause him pressures that one usually obtains during teenage years. But at time his pressure seemed to be a little extreme. My ears were nice and warm, though. That hat I bought had earlaps in it, and I put them on – I don’t give a damn how I looked. Nobody was around anyway. Everybody was in the sack† (53). This quote exemplifies how Holden tends to take his image to seriously. Yet throughout the novel Holden says that people that are obsessed with their look are phony, showing the reader that at time he is a hypocrite considering he’s obsessed with his look also. Not only does this happen once or twice but numerous times in the book. The quote tries to explain that Holden does not care what people think about him and yet if he did not he would not have announced that everyone was sleeping and nobody could see him. When Stradlater gets home from his date with Jane Gallagher, he and Holden get in a fight. When it is over, both Holden and Stradlater are left in physical pain. â€Å"I kept sitting there on the floor till I heard old Stradlater close the door and go down the corridor to the can, then I got up. I couldn’t find my goddam hunting hat anywhere. Finally I found it†¦ I put it on, and turned the old peak around to the back, the way I liked it† (45). The fight that Holden has with Stradlater is about Stradlater going out on a date with Holden’s friend Jane Gallagher. Holden gets upset with Stradlater for doing that because he thinks that Stradlater will cause Jane to lose her innocence. After Holden puts his hat on he stops thinking about Jane’s innocence and about his face, a more rational, less emotional subject. This also verifies a very apparent fact Holden seems to not be able up make up his mind on great number of things He seems to find himself in a confused mess.