List of the Current Legislation and Codes of Practice Relating to Equality

Legislation Purpose Disability Discrimination Act 1995Protects the rights of all those with disabilities. It also places a duty on schools (and other organisations) to eliminate barriers to ensure that individuals can gain equal access to services Disability Discrimination Act 2005 Places a duty for schools to produce a Disability Equality Scheme (DES) and an Access Plan. Schools must encourage participation in all aspects of school life and eliminate harassment and unlawful discrimination Race Relations(Amendment)Act 2000Outlines the duty of organisations to promote good relationships between people from different races Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 Makes it unlawful for educational providers to discriminate against pupils with a special educational need or a disability Children Act 1989 Sets out the duty of local authorities (including schools) to provide services according to the needs of children and to ensure their safety and welfare Human Rights Act 1998Sets out rights of all individuals and allows them to take action against authorities when their rights have been affected Children Act 2004Sets out the duty to provide effective and accessible services for all children and underpins the ive Every Child Matters outcomes Education Act 1996Sets out the school’s responsibilities towards children with special educational needs.The Act also requires schools to provide additional resources, equipment and / or additional support to meet their needs Equality Act 2010Sets out the legal responsibilities of public bodies, including schools, to provide equality of opportunity for all citizens. This brings together nine equality laws

A Rose For Emily by William Faulkner: The Narrator

William Faulkner was the first to turn the eyes of America toward the South six decades after the Civil War.   The war was still a sore spot for most citizens of the United States and the people of the South were still considered by many as the enemy, not just because it had left the Union, but because of the complicated rules of her society.Faulkner allowed the rest of the country a glimpse into this world which can sometimes be macabre.   His short story A Rose For Emily, published in nineteen thirty, was told in third person limited point of view.   The choice of narrator for this story was essential to the story because of the fact that the narrator is an insider in the culture that was almost forgotten previous to the Modernism Period.The narrator is a citizen of Jefferson, Mississippi in the county Yoknapatawpha County, the fictional town and county created by Faulkner that represented his own town of Oxford.Any culture feels threatened when an outsider reveals its negati ve traits; therefore the narrator had to be a Southerner.   When he tells the story, he uses the pronoun â€Å"we† when referring to the citizens of Jefferson.This allows the reader to understand that the narrator speaks for the town and is familiar with the culture.   It seems if the one telling the story is a man even if this is never stated.   A woman would not have made the statement that the narrator does about the reason that Colonel Sartoris has remitted her taxes.â€Å"Only a man of Colonel Sartoris' generation and thought could have invented it, and only a woman could have believed it.† (Faulkner)   From the statement one can surmise that the narrator is a male.   He remains unnamed throughout the story, yet he would have to be elderly since he not only relates the details of Miss Emily’s, the protagonist, death, but can also relate the story of her youth.Miss Emily is of the aristocracy in Jefferson, yet the narrator is obviously not.   He is probably working class because he knows her and is privileged to the information of the other citizens as well as having access to her actions when she is outside of her home.   He definitely sees a line drawn between himself and the Griersons, instead, he identifies with the majority of the citizens of the town of Jefferson.He has for years listened to the gossip of the small southern town and accepted it as truth, at times feeling sympathy and other times passing judgment on Miss Emily as well as the others.   â€Å"Being left alone, and a pauper, she had become humanized. Now she too would know the old thrill and the old despair of a penny more or less.† (Faulkner)He feels vindicated when she is brought down to the level of the rest of the people in town, yet his heart feels for her when she is left alone when her father dies and when it seems as if Homer Baron, her lover, has abandoned her.The fictional town Jefferson, Mississippi deep in the heart of the South sha pes the narrator’s perspective of the story.   While the reader will be mortified by what takes place throughout the story, the narrator accepts them as just everyday happenings.  Ã‚   Since the narrator is a citizen, the culture does not seem strange.Because of this the reader can understand that the way of life that is depicted is real.   It really does matter what a person’s last name is and what class he/ was born into in Jefferson and other Southern towns.   It was feasible that certain people could walk into a drugstore and purchase poison without being questions just two weeks later when an odor was noticed outside of her home and her lover disappeared.The narrator would have to be familiar with this setting to not question it himself.   His own reactions reveal that he expects the rest of the world to accept the ways of Jefferson and his Southern culture as normal and natural.If Faulkner had chosen any other narrator than the average man from Jefferso n the impact that the story had would not have been as incredible as it was.   The reader would not have been able to bring an objective point of view to the story if he/she were clouded with the sympathy for Miss Emily telling her own story.It is vital to the story that she is dead at the end and cannot pay legally for what she has done, therefore she could not tell her story.   The fact that men and women will never truly understand the mind of the opposite sex makes a masculine narrator more objective.A female would understand Miss Emily too well and bring judgment to her actions.   The only other character that could possibly tell Miss Emily’s story would be her servant, Toby.   However, he is obviously too loyal to not be shaded by her actions.The negro met the first of the ladies at the front door and let them in, with their hushed, sibilant voices and their quick, curious glances, and then he disappeared. He walked right through the house and out the back and w as not seen again. (Faulkner)He would rather leave everything that he knows than to reveal the secrets he has kept for his whole adult life.   He would simply be too reserved.   The narrator that was chosen is the one who could tell the story and symbolically giving Miss Emily a rose by bringing her story to the world.Faulkner’s genius is clearly at work by choosing the narrator that he did.   His choice of storyteller allowed the readers to realize that there was more to Southern people than the Confederacy and that was a society with clearly drawn lines and rules that were accepted as a way of life.Works CitedFaulkner, William. A Rose for Emily. 30, April 1930 Mead School District. 29, January 2009http://74.125.95.132/search?q=cache:Ogf7G-mySCwJ:www.mead.k12.wa.us/mhs/Stedman/classweb/Short%2520Stories /A%2520Rose%2520For%2520Emily.pdf+a+rose+for+emily+online+text&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=1&gl=us&ie=UTF-8   

The Behavior Of Human Being Health And Social Care Essay

Methodology is a subject ; study the behaviour of human being in assorted societal scene. Harmonizing to Merton ( 1957 ) methodological analysis is the logic of scientific process. The research is a systematic method of detecting new facts for verifying old facts, their sequence, interrelatedness, insouciant account and natural Torahs that govern them. The scientific methodological analysis is a system of explicit regulations and processs upon which research is based and against which the claim for cognition are evaluated. This subdivision of the survey edifying the description of the survey country, definitions of stuff used methods to accomplish the aims and indispensable parts of the present survey.3.1 Data Collection:The information is collected by carry oning a study so that those factors can be considered which were non available in the infirmary record and were most of import as the hazard factors of hepatitis. The study was conducted in the liver Centre of the DHQ infirmary Faisalabad during the months of February and March 2009. A questionnaire was made for the intent of study and all possible hazard factors were added in it. During the two months the figure of patients that were interviewed was 262. The factors studied in this study are Age, Gender, Education, Marital Status, Area, Hepatitis Type, Profession, Jaundice History, History of Blood Transfusion, History of Surgery, Family History, Smoking, and Diabetes. Most of the factors in this information set are binary and some have more than two classs. Hepatitis type is response variable which has three classs.3.2 Restrictions of Datas:In the outline it was decided to take a complete study on the five types of hepatitis but during the study it was known that hepatitis A is non a unsafe disease and the patients of this disease are non admitted in the infirmary. In this disease patients can be all right after 1 or 2 cheque ups and largely patients do n't cognize that they have this disease and with the transition of clip their disease finished without any side consequence. On the other manus, hepatitis D and E are really rare and really unsafe diseases. HDV can hold growing in the presence of HBV. The patient, who has hepatitis B , can hold hepatitis D but non the other than that. These are really rare instances. During my two months study non a individual patient of hepatitis A, D and E was found. Largely people are enduring from the hepatitis B and C. So now the dependant variable has three classs. Therefore polynomial logistic arrested development theoretical account with a dependant variable holding three classs is made.3.3 Statistical Variables:The word variable is used in statistically oriented literature to bespeak a characteristic or a belongings that is possible to mensurate. When the research worker measures something, he makes a numerical theoretical account of the phenomenon being measured. Measurements of a variable addition their significance from the fact that there exists a alone correspondence between the assigned Numberss and the degrees of the belongings being measured. In the finding of the appropriate statistical analysis for a given set of informations, it is utile to sort variables by type. One method for sorting variables is by the grade of edification evident in the manner they are measured. For illustration, a research worker can mensurate tallness of people harmonizing to whether the top of their caput exceeds a grade on the wall: if yes, they are tall ; and if no, they are short. On the other manus, the research worker can besides mensurate tallness in centimetres or inches. The ulterior technique is a more sophisticated manner of mensurating tallness. As a scientific subject progresss, measurings of the variables with which it deals become more sophisticated. Assorted efforts have been made to formalise variable categorization. A normally recognized system is proposed by Stevens ( 1951 ) . In this system measurings are classified as nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio graduated tables. In deducing his categorization, Stevens characterized each of the four types by a transmutation that would non alter a measurings categorization.Table 3.1 Steven ‘s Measurement SystemType of Measurement Basic empirical operation Examples Nominal Determination of equality of classs. Religion, Race, Eye colour, Gender, etc. Ordinal Determination of greater than or less than ( ranking ) . Rating of pupils, Ranking of the BP as low, medium, high etc. Time interval Determination of equality of differences between degrees. Temperature etc. Ratio Determination of equality of ratios of degrees. Height, Weight, etc. Variable of the survey are of categorical in nature and holding nominal and ordinal type of measuring.3.4 Variables of Analysis:Since the chief focal point of this survey is on the association of different hazard factors with the presence of HBV and HCV. Therefore, the person in the informations were loosely classified into three groups. This categorization is based on whether an person is a bearer of HBV, HCV or None of these. Following table explains this categorization.Table 3.2 Categorization of PersonsNo.SampleHepatitisPercentageI 100 No 38.2 Two 19 HBV 7.3 Three 143 HCV 54.6 Entire 262— –1003.4.1 Categorization of Predictor Variables:Nominal type variables and cryptography is: Sexual activity Male: 1 Female: 2 Area Urban: 1 Rural: 2 Marital Status Single: 1 Married: 2 Hepatitis Type No: 1 B: 2 C: 3 Profession: No:1 Farmer:2 Factory:3 Govt. :4 5: Shop Keeper Jaundice Yes: 1 No: 2 History Blood Transfusion Yes: 1 No: 2 History Surgery Yes: 1 No 2 Family History Yes: 1 No: 2 Smoking Yes: 1 No: 2 Diabetess Yes: 1 No: 2 Ordinal type variable and cryptography is: Age 11 to 20: 1 21 to 30: 2 31 to 40: 3 41 to 50: 4 51 to 60: 5 Education: Primary: 1 Middle: 2 Metric: 3 Fas: 4 BA: 5 University: 63.5 Statistical Analysis:The appropriate statistical analysis techniques to accomplish the aims of the survey include frequence distribution, per centums and eventuality tabular arraies among the of import variables. In multivariate analysis, comparing of Logistic Regression and Classification trees is made. The statistical bundle SPSS was used for the intent of analysis.3.6 Logistic Arrested development:Logistic arrested development is portion of statistical theoretical accounts called generalised additive theoretical accounts. This broad category of theoretical accounts includes ordinary arrested development and analysis of discrepancy, every bit good as multivariate statistics such as analysis of covariance and Loglinear arrested development. A enormous intervention of generalised additive theoretical accounts is presented in Agresti ( 1996 ) . Logistic arrested development analysis surveies the relationship between a categorical response variable and a set of independent ( explanatory ) variables. The name logistic arrested development is frequently used when the dependant variable has merely two values. The name multiple-group logistic arrested development ( MGLR ) is normally reserved for the instance when the response variable has more than two alone values. Multiple-group logistic arrested development is sometimes called polynomial logistic arrested development, polytomous logistic arrested development, polychotomous logistic arrested development, or nominal logistic arrested development. Although the information construction is different from that of multiple arrested developments, the practical usage of the process is similar. Logistic arrested development competes with discriminant analysis as a method for analysing distinct dependent variables. In fact, the current esthesis among many statisticians is that logistic arrested development is more adaptable and superior for most state of affairss than is discriminant analysis because logistic arrested development does non presume that the explanatory variables are usually distributed while discriminant analysis does. Discriminant analysis can be used merely in instance of uninterrupted explanatory variables. Therefore, in cases where the forecaster variables are categorical, or a mixture of uninterrupted and categorical variables, logistic arrested development is preferred. Provided logistic arrested development theoretical account does non affect determination trees and is more similar to nonlinear arrested development such as suiting a multinomial to a set of informations values.3.6.1 The Logit and Logistic Transformations:In multiple arrested development, a mathematical theoretical account of a set of explanatory variables is used to foretell the mean of the dependant variable. In logistic arrested development, a mathematical theoretical account of a set of explanatory variable is used to foretell a transmutation of the dependant variable. This is logit transmutation. Suppose the numerical values of 0 and 1 are assigned to the two classs of a binary variable. Often, 0 represents a negative response and a 1 represents a positive response. The mean of this variable will be the proportion of positive responses. Because of this, we might seek to pattern the relationship between the chance ( proportion ) of a positive response and explanatory variable. If P is the proportion of observations with a response of 1, so 1-p is the chance of a response of 0. The ratio p/ ( 1-p ) is called the odds and the logit is the logarithm of the odds, or merely log odds. Mathematically, the logit transmutation is written as The following tabular array shows the logit for assorted values of P.Table 3.3 Logit for Various Values of PPhosphorusLogit ( P )PhosphorusLogit ( P )0.001 -6.907 0.999 6.907 0.010 -4.595 0.990 4.595 0.05 -2.944 0.950 2.944 0.100 -2.197 0.900 2.197 0.200 -1.386 0.800 1.386 0.300 -0.847 0.700 0.847 0.400 -0.405 0.600 0.405 0.500 0.000— —— —Note that while P ranges between zero and one, the logit scopes between subtraction and plus eternity. Besides note that the nothing logit occurs when P is 0.50. The logistic transmutation is the opposite of the logit transmutation. It is written as3.6.2 The Log Odds Transformation:The difference between two log odds can be used to compare two proportions, such as that of males versus females. Mathematically, this difference is written This difference is frequently referred to as the log odds ratio. The odds ratio is frequently used to compare proportions across groups. Note that the logistic transmutation is closely related to the odds ratio. The contrary relationship is3.7 The Multinomial Logistic Regression and Logit Model:In multiple-group logistic arrested development, a distinct dependant variable Y holding G alone values is a regressed on a set of p independent variables. Y represents a manner of partitioning the population of involvement. For illustration, Y may be presence or absence of a disease, status after surgery, a matrimonial position. Since the names of these dividers are arbitrary, refer to them by back-to-back Numberss. Y will take on the values 1, 2, aˆÂ ¦ , G. Let The logistic arrested development theoretical account is given by the G equations Here, is the chance that an single with values is in group g. That is, Normally ( that is, an intercept is included ) , but this is non necessary. The quantities represent the anterior chances of group rank. If these anterior chances are assumed equal, so the term becomes zero and drops out. If the priors are non assumed equal, they change the values of the intercepts in the logistic arrested development equation. The arrested development coefficients for the mention group set to zero. The pick of the mention group is arbitrary. Normally, it is the largest group or a control group to which the other groups are to be compared. This leaves G-1 logistic arrested development equations in the polynomial logistic arrested development theoretical account. are population arrested development coefficients that are to be estimated from the informations. Their estimations are represented by B ‘s. The represents the unknown parametric quantities, while the B ‘s are their estimations. These equations are additive in the logits of p. However, in footings of the chances, they are nonlinear. The corresponding nonlinear equations are Since =1 because all of its arrested development coefficients are zero. Frequently, all of these theoretical accounts referred to as logistic arrested development theoretical accounts. However, when the independent variables are coded as ANOVA type theoretical accounts, they are sometimes called logit theoretical accounts. can be interpreted as that This shows that the concluding value is the merchandise of its single footings.3.7.1 Solving the Likelihood Equation:To better notation, allow The likeliness for a sample of N observations is so given by where is one if the observation is in group g and zero otherwise. Using the fact that =1, the likeliness, L, is given by Maximal likeliness estimations of are found by happening those values that maximize this log likeliness equation. This is accomplished by ciphering the partial derived functions and so equates them to zero. The ensuing likeliness equations are For g = 1, 2, aˆÂ ¦ , G and k = 1, 2, aˆÂ ¦ , p. Actually, since all coefficients are zero for g=1, the scope of g is from 2 to G. Because of the nonlinear nature of the parametric quantities, there is no closed-form solution to these equations and they must be solved iteratively. The Newton-Raphson method as described in Albert and Harris ( 1987 ) is used to work out these equations. This method makes usage of the information matrix, , which is formed from the 2nd partial derived function. The elements of the information matrix are given by The information matrix is used because the asymptotic covariance matrix is equal to the opposite of the information matrix, i.e. This covariance matrix is used in the computation of assurance intervals for the arrested development coefficients, odds ratios, and predicted chances.3.7.2 Interpretation of Regression Coefficients:The reading of the estimated arrested development coefficients is non easy as compared to that in multiple arrested development. In polynomial logistic arrested development, non merely is the relationship between X and Y nonlinear, but besides, if the dependant variable has more than two alone values, there are several arrested development equations. See the simple instance of a binary response variable, Y, and one explanatory variable, X. Assume that Y is coded so it takes on the values 0 and 1. In this instance, the logistic arrested development equation is Now consider impact of a unit addition in X. The logistic arrested development equation becomes We can insulate the incline by taking the difference between these two equations. We have That is, is the log of the odds at X+1 and X. Removing the logarithm by exponentiating both sides gives The arrested development coefficient is interpreted as the log of the odds ratio comparing the odds after a one unit addition in X to the original odds. Note that, unlike the multiple arrested developments, the reading of depends on the peculiar value of X since the chance values, the P ‘s, will change for different X.3.7.3 Binary Independent Variable:When Ten can take on merely two values, say 0 and 1, the above reading becomes even simpler. Since there are merely two possible values of X, there is a alone reading for given by the log of the odds ratio. In mathematical term, the significance of is so To wholly understand, we must take the logarithm of the odds ratio. It is hard to believe in footings of logarithms. However, we can retrieve that the log of one is zero. So a positive value of indicates that the odds of the numerator are big while a negative value indicates that the odds of the denominator are larger. It is probability easiest to believe in footings of instead than a, because is the odds ratio while is the log of the odds ratio.3.7.4 Multiple Independent Variables:When there are multiple independent variables, the reading of each arrested development coefficient more hard, particularly if interaction footings are included in the theoretical account. In general nevertheless, the arrested development coefficient is interpreted the same as above, except that the caution ‘holding all other independent variables changeless ‘ must be added. That is, can the values of this independent variable be increased by one without altering any of the other variables. If it can, so the reading is as earlier. If non, so some type of conditional statement must be added that histories for the values of the other variables.3.7.5 Polynomial Dependent Variable:When the dependant variable has more than two values, there will be more than one arrested development equation. Infect, the figure of arrested development equation is equal to one less than the figure of categories in dependent variables. This makes reading more hard because there is several arrested development coefficients associated with each independent variable. In this instance, attention must be taken to understand what each arrested development equation is anticipation. Once this is understood, reading of each of the k-1 arrested development coefficients for each variable can continue as above. For illustration, dependant variable has three classs A, B and C. Two arrested development equations will be generated matching to any two of these index variables. The value that is non used is called the mention class value. As in this instance C is taken as mention class, the arrested development equations would be The two coefficients for in these equations, , give the alteration in the log odds of A versus C and B versus C for a one unit alteration in, severally.3.7.6 Premises:On logistic arrested development the existent limitation is that the result should be distinct. One-dimensionality in the logit i.e. the logistic arrested development equation should be additive related with the logit signifier of the response variable. No outliers Independence of mistakes. No Multicollinearity.3.8 Categorization Trees:To foretell the rank of each category or object in instance of categorical response variable on the footing of one or more forecaster variables categorization trees are used. The flexibleness ofA categorization trees makes them a really dramatic analysis choice, but it can non be said that their usage is suggested to the skip of more traditional techniques. The traditional methods should be preferred, in fact, when the theoretical and distributional premises of these methods are fulfilled. But as an option, or as a technique of last option when traditional methods fail, A categorization treesA are, in the sentiment of many research workers, unsurpassed.The survey and usage ofA categorization treesA are non prevailing in the Fieldss of chance and statistical theoretical account sensing ( Ripley, 1996 ) , butA categorization treesA are by and large used in applied Fieldss as in medical specialty for diagnosing, computing machine scientific discipline to measure informations constructions, vegetation for categorization, and in psychological science for doing determination theory.A Classification trees thirstily provide themselves to being displayed diagrammatically, functioning to do them easy to construe. Several tree turning algorithms are available. In this survey three algorithms are used CART ( Classification and Regression Tree ) , CHAID ( Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection ) , and QUEST ( Quick Unbiased Efficient Statistical Tree ) .3.9 CHAID Algorithm:The CHAID ( Chi-Square Automatic Interaction Detection ) algorithm is originally proposed by Kass ( 1980 ) . CHAID algorithm allows multiple splits of a node. This algorithm merely accepts nominal or ordinal categorical forecasters. When forecasters are uninterrupted, they are transformed into ordinal forecasters before utilizing this algorithm It consists of three stairss: meeting, splitting and fillet. A tree is grown by repeatedly utilizing these three stairss on each node get downing organize the root node.3.9.1. Merging:For each explanatory variable Ten, unify non-significant classs. If X is used to divide the node, each concluding class of X will ensue in one kid node. Adjusted p-value is besides calculated in the confluent measure and this P value is to be used in the measure of splitting. If there is merely one class in X, so halt the process and set the adjusted p-value to be 1. If X has 2 classs, the adjusted p-value is computed for the merged classs by using Bonferroni accommodations. Otherwise, happen the sensible brace of classs of X ( a sensible brace of classs for ordinal forecaster is two next classs, and for nominal forecaster is any two classs ) that is least significantly different ( i.e. more similar ) . The most kindred brace is the brace whose trial statistic gives the highest p-value with regard to the response variable Y. For the brace holding the highest p-value, look into if its p-value is larger than significance-level. If it is larger than significance degree, this brace is merged into a individual compound class. Then a new set of classs of that explanatory variable is formed. If the freshly created compound class consists of three or more original classs, so happen the best binary split within the compound class for which p-value is the smallest. Make this binary split if its p-value is non greater than significance degree. The adjusted p-value is computed for the merged classs by using Bonferroni accommodation. Any class holding excessively few observations is merged with the most likewise other class as measured by the largest of the p-value. The adjusted p-value is computed for the merged classs by using Bonferroni accommodation.3.9.2. Splitting:The best split for each explanatory variable is found in the measure of unifying. The rending measure selects which predictor to be used to outdo split the node. Choice is accomplished by comparing the adjusted p-value associated with each forecaster. The adjusted p-value is obtained in the confluent measure. Choose the independent variable that has minimum adjusted p-value ( i.e. most important ) . If this adjusted p-value is less than or equal to a user-specified alpha-level, split the node utilizing this forecaster. Else, do non divide and the node is considered as a terminal node.3.9.3. Fillet:The stopping measure cheques if the tree turning procedure should be stopped harmonizing to the following fillet regulations. If a node becomes pure ; that is, all instances in a node have indistinguishable values of the dependant variable, the node will non be split. If all instances in a node have indistinguishable values for each forecaster, the node will non be split. If the current tree deepness reaches the user specified maximal tree deepness bound value, the tree turning procedure will halt. If the size of a node is less than the user-specified minimal node size value, the node will non be split. If the split of a node consequences in a kid node whose node size is less than the user-specified minimal kid node size value, child nodes that have excessively few instances ( as compared with this lower limit ) will unify with the most similar kid node as measured by the largest of the p-values. However, if the ensuing figure of child nodes is 1, the node will non be split.3.9.4 P-Value Calculation in CHAID:Calculations of ( unadjusted ) p-values in the above algorithms depend on the type of dependent variable. The confluent measure of CHAID sometimes needs the p-value for a brace of X classs, and sometimes needs the p-value for all the classs of X. When the p-value for a brace of X classs is needed, merely portion of informations in the current node is relevant. Let D denote the relevant information. Suppose in D, X has I classs and Y ( if Y is categorical ) has J classs. The p-value computation utilizing informations in D is given below. If the dependant variable Y is nominal categorical, the void hypothesis of independency of X and Y is tested. To execute the trial, a eventuality ( or count ) tabular array is formed utilizing categories of Y as columns and classs of the forecaster X as rows. The expected cell frequences under the void hypothesis are estimated. The ascertained and the expected cell frequences are used to cipher the Pearson chi-squared statistic or to cipher the likeliness ratio statistic. The p-value is computed based on either one of these two statistics. The Pearson ‘s Chi-square statistic and likeliness ratio statistic are, severally, Where is the ascertained cell frequence and is the estimated expected cell frequence, is the amount of ith row, is the amount of jth column and is the expansive sum. The corresponding p-value is given by for Pearson ‘s Chi-square trial or for likeliness ratio trial, where follows a chi-squared distribution with d.f. ( J-1 ) ( I-1 ) .3.9.5 Bonferroni Adjustments:The adjusted p-value is calculated as the p-value times a Bonferroni multiplier. The Bonferroni multiplier adjusts for multiple trials. Suppose that a forecaster variable originally has I classs, and it is reduced to r classs after the confluent stairss. The Bonferroni multiplier B is the figure of possible ways that I classs can be merged into R classs. For r=I, B=1. For use the undermentioned equation.3.10 QUEST Algorithm:QUEST is proposed by Loh and Shih ( 1997 ) as a Quick, Unbiased, Efficient, Statistical Tree. It is a tree-structured categorization algorithm that yields a binary determination tree. A comparing survey of QUEST and other algorithms was conducted by Lim et Al ( 2000 ) . The QUEST tree turning procedure consists of the choice of a split forecaster, choice of a split point for the selected forecaster, and halting. In QUEST algorithm, univariate splits are considered.3.10.1 Choice of a Split Forecaster:For each uninterrupted forecaster X, execute an ANOVA F trial that trials if all the different categories of the dependant variable Y have the same mean of X, and cipher the p-value harmonizing to the F statistics. For each categorical forecaster, execute a Pearson ‘s chi-square trial of Y and X ‘s independency, and cipher the p-value harmonizing to the chi-square statistics. Find the forecaster with the smallest p-value and denote it X* . If this smallest p-value is less than I ± / M, where I ± ( 0,1 ) is a degree of significance and M is the entire figure of forecaster variables, forecaster X* is selected as the split forecaster for the node. If non, travel to 4. For each uninterrupted forecaster X, compute a Levene ‘s F statistic based on the absolute divergence of Ten from its category mean to prove if the discrepancies of X for different categories of Y are the same, and cipher the p-value for the trial. Find the forecaster with the smallest p-value and denote it as X** . If this smallest p-value is less than I ±/ ( M + M1 ) , where M1 is the figure of uninterrupted forecasters, X** is selected as the split forecaster for the node. Otherwise, this node is non split.3.10.1.1 Pearson ‘s Chi-Square Trial:Suppose, for node T, there are Classs of dependent variable Yttrium. The Pearson ‘s Chi-Square statistic for a categorical forecaster Ten with classs is given by3.10.2 Choice of the Split Point:At a node, suppose that a forecaster variable Ten has been selected for dividing. The following measure is to make up one's mind the split point. If X is a uninterrupted forecaster variable, a split point vitamin D in the split Xa†°Ã‚ ¤d is to be determined. If X is a nominal categorical forecaster variable, a subset K of the set of all values taken by X in the split XK is to be determined. The algorithm is as follows. If the selected forecaster variable Ten is nominal and with more than two classs ( if X is binary, the split point is clear ) , QUEST foremost transforms it into a uninterrupted variable ( name it I? ) by delegating the largest discriminant co-ordinates to classs of the forecaster. QUEST so applies the split point choice algorithm for uninterrupted forecaster on I? to find the split point.3.10.2.1 Transformation of a Categorical Predictor into a Continuous Forecaster:Let X be a nominal categorical forecaster taking values in the set Transform X into a uninterrupted variable such that the ratio of between-class to within-class amount of squares of is maximized ( the categories here refer to the categories of dependent variable ) . The inside informations are as follows. Transform each value ten of X into an I dimensional silent person vector, where Calculate the overall and category J mean of V. where N is a specific instance in the whole sample, frequence weight associated with instance N, is the entire figure of instances and is the entire figure of instances in category J. Calculate the undermentioned IA-I matrices. Perform individual value decomposition on T to obtain where Q is an IA-I extraneous matrix, such that Let where if 0 otherwise. Perform individual value decomposition on to obtain its eigenvector which is associated with its largest characteristic root of a square matrix. The largest discriminant co-ordinate of V is the projection3.10.3 Fillet:The stopping measure cheques if the tree turning procedure should be stopped harmonizing to the following fillet regulations. If a node becomes pure ; that is, all instances belong to the same dependant variable category at the node, the node will non be split. If all instances in a node have indistinguishable values for each forecaster, the node will non be split. If the current tree deepness reaches the user-specified maximal tree deepness bound value, the tree turning procedure will halt. If the size of a node is less than the user-specified minimal node size value, the node will non be split. If the split of a node consequences in a kid node whose node size is less than the user-specified minimal kid node size value, the node will non be split.3.11 CART Algorithm:Categorization and Regression Tree ( C & A ; RT ) or ( CART ) is given by Breiman et Al ( 1984 ) . CART is a binary determination tree that is constructed by dividing a node into two kid nodes repeatedly, get downing with the root node that contains the whole acquisition sample. The procedure of ciphering categorization and arrested development trees can be involved four basic stairss: Specification of Criteria for Predictive Accuracy Split Selection Stoping Right Size of the Tree A3.11.1 Specification of Criteria for Predictive Accuracy:The categorization and arrested development trees ( C & A ; RT ) algorithms are normally aimed at accomplishing the greatest possible prognostic truth. The anticipation with the least cost is defined as most precise anticipation. The construct of costs was developed to generalise, to a wider scope of anticipation state of affairss, the idea that the best anticipation has the minimal misclassification rate. In the bulk of applications, the cost is measured in the signifier of proportion of misclassified instances, or discrepancy. In this context, it follows, hence, that a anticipation would be considered best if it has the lowest misclassification rate or the smallest discrepancy. The demand of minimising costs arises when some of the anticipations that fail are more catastrophic than others, or the failed anticipations occur more frequently than others.3.11.1.1 Priors:In the instance of a qualitative res ponse ( categorization job ) , costs are minimized in order to minimise the proportion of misclassification when priors are relative to the size of the category and when for every category costs of misclassification are taken to be equal. The anterior chances those are used in minimising the costs of misclassification can greatly act upon the categorization of objects. Therefore, attention has to be taken for utilizing the priors. Harmonizing to general construct, to set the weight of misclassification for each class the comparative size of the priors should be used. However, no priors are required when one is constructing a arrested development tree.3.11.1.2 Misclassification Costss:Sometimes more accurate categorization of the response is required for a few categories than others for grounds non related to the comparative category sizes. If the decisive factor for prognostic truth is Misclassification costs, so minimising costs would amount to minimising the proportion of misclassification at the clip priors are taken relative to the size of categories and costs of misclassification are taken to be the same for every category. A3.11.2 Split Choice:The following cardinal measure in categorization and arrested develop ment trees ( CART ) is the choice of splits on the footing of explanatory variables, used to foretell rank in instance of the categorical response variables, or for the anticipation uninterrupted response variable. In general footings, the plan will happen at each node the split that will bring forth the greatest betterment in prognostic truth. This is normally measured with some type of node dross step, which gives an indicant of the homogeneousness of instances in the terminal nodes. If every instance in each terminal node illustrate equal values, so node dross is smallest, homogeneousness is maximum, and anticipation is ideal ( at least for the instances those were used in the computations ; prognostic cogency for new instances is of class a different affair ) . In simple words it can be said that Necessitate a step of dross of a node to assist make up one's mind on how to divide a node, or which node to divide The step should be at a upper limit when a node is every bit divided amongst all categories The dross should be zero if the node is all one category3.11.2.1 Measures of Impurity:There are many steps of dross but following are the good known steps. Misclassification Rate Information, or Information Gini Index In pattern the misclassification rate is non used because state of affairss can happen where no split improves the misclassification rate and besides the misclassification rate can be equal when one option is clearly better for the following measure.3.11.2.2 Measure of Impurity of a Node:Achieves its upper limit at ( , ,aˆÂ ¦ , ) = ( , ,aˆÂ ¦ , ) Achieves its lower limit ( normally zero ) when one = 1, for some I, and the remainder are zero. ( pure node ) Symmetrical map of ( , ,aˆÂ ¦ , )Gini index:I ( T ) = = 1 –Information:3.11.2.3 To Make a Split at a Node:See each variable, ,aˆÂ ¦ , Find the split for that gives the greatest decrease in Gini index for dross i.e. maximise ( 1 – ) – make this for j=1,2, aˆÂ ¦ , P Use the variables that gives the best split, If cost of misclassification are unequal, CART chooses a split to obtain the biggest decrease in I ( T ) = C ( one | J ) = [ C ( one | J ) + C ( j | I ) ] priors can be incorporated into the costs )3.11.3 Fillet:In chief, splitting could go on until all instances are absolutely classified or predicted. However, this would n't do much sense since one would probably stop up with a tree construction that is as complex and â€Å" boring † as the original informations file ( with many nodes perchance incorporating individual observations ) , and that would most likely non be really utile or accurate for foretelling new observations. What is required is some sensible fillet regulation. Two methods can be used to maintain a cheque on the splitting procedure ; viz. Minimum N and Fraction of objects.3.11.3.1 Minimal N:To make up one's mind about the fillet of the splits, splitting is permitted to go on until all the terminal nodes are pure or they are more than a specified figure of objects in the terminal node.3.11.3.2 Fraction of Objects:Another manner to make up one's mind about the fillet of the spli ts, splitting is permitted to go on until all the terminal nodes are pure or there are a specified smallest fraction of the size of one ore more classs in the response variable. For categorization jobs, if the priors are tantamount and category sizes are same as good, so we will halt splitting when all terminal nodes those have more than one class, have no more instances than the defined fraction of the size of class for one or more classs. On the other manus, if the priors which are used in the analysis are non equal, one would halt splitting when all terminal nodes for which two or more categories have no more instances than defined fraction for one or more categories ( Loh and Vanichestakul, 1988 ) .3.11.4 Right Size of the Tree:The majority of a tree in the C & A ; RT ( categorization and arrested development trees ) analysis is an of import affair, since an unreasonably big tree makes the reading of consequences more complicated. Some generalisations can be presented about what constitutes the accurate size of the tree. It should be adequately complex to depict for the acknowledged facts, but it should be every bit easy as possible. It should use inform ation that increases prognostic truth and pay no attending to information that does non. It should demo the manner to the larger apprehension of the phenomena. One attack is to turn the tree up to the right size, where the size is specify by the user, based on the information from anterior research, analytical information from earlier analyses, or even perceptual experience. The other attack is to utilize a set of well-known, structured processs introduced by Breiman et Al. ( 1984 ) for the choice of right size of the tree. These processs are non perfect, as Breiman et Al. ( 1984 ) thirstily acknowledge, but at least they take subjective sentiment out of the procedure to choose the right-sized tree. A There are some methods to halt the splitting.3.11.4.1 Test Sample Cross-Validation:The most preferable sort of cross-validation is the trial sample cross-validation. In this kind of cross-validation, the tree is constructed from the larning sample, and trial sample is used to look into the prognostic truth of this tree. If test sample costs go beyond the costs for the acquisition sample, so this is an indicant of hapless cross-validation. In this instance, some other sized tree may cross-validate healthier. The trial samples and larning samples can be made by taking two independent informations sets, if a larger learning sample is gettable, by reserving a randomly chosen proportion ( say one 3rd or one half ) of the instances for utilizing as the trial sample. A Split the N units in the preparation sample into V- groups of â€Å" equal † size. ( V=10 ) Construct a big tree and prune for each set of V-1 groups. Suppose group V is held out and a big tree is built from the combined informations in the other V-1 groups. Find the â€Å" best † subtree for sorting the instances in group V. Run each instance in group V down the tree and calculate the figure that are misclassified. R ( T ) = R ( T ) + Number of nodes in tree T Complexity parametric quantity Number misclassified With tree T Find the â€Å" weakest † node and snip off all subdivisions formed by dividing at that node. ( examine each non terminal node ) I ) Check each brace of terminal nodes and prune if 13S 3 F Number misclassified at node T = 3 7 S 3 F 6 S 0 F=0 = 3 13S 3 F so do a terminal node. two ) Find the following â€Å" weakest † node. For the t-th node compute R ( T ) = R ( T ) + Number of nodes at or below node T Number misclassified If all subdivisions from node T are kept R ( T ) = = R ( T ) should snip if R ( T ) R ( T ) this occurs when at each non terminal node compute the smallest value of such that the node with the smallest such is the weakest node and all subdivisions below it should be pruned off. It so becomes a terminal node. Produce a sequence of trees this is done individually for V= 1,2, aˆÂ ¦ , V.3.11.4.2 V-fold Cross-Validation:The 2nd type of cross-validation is V-fold cross-validation. This type of cross-validation is valuable when trial sample is non available and the acquisition sample is really little that test sample can non be taken from it. The figure of random bomber samples are determined by the user specified value ( called ‘v ‘ value ) for V-fold cross proof. These sub samples are made from the acquisition samples and they should be about equal in size. A tree of the specified size is calculated ‘v ‘ A times, each clip go forthing out one of the bomber samples from the calculations, and utilizing that sub sample as a trial sample for cross-validation, with the purpose that each bomber sample is considered ( 5 – 1 ) times within the learning sample and merely one time as the trial sample. The cross proof costs, calculated for all ‘v ‘ trial samples, are averaged to show the v-fold estimation of the cross proof costs.

Prepare an annotated bibliography on the Asia-Pacific maritime

Prepare an on the Asia-Pacific maritime disputes, boundaries, strategy or security issues - Annotated Bibliography Example Emmers’ tries to identify different catalysts to help in conflict management in order to improve relations between the countries. This journal article portrays the condition of maritime coalitions in the region of Asia Pacific and the potential they have in safeguarding vessels out at sea that are crucial to the security of energy in those areas. This journal highlights the different types of the latest correlations to ensure Maritime security. In addition It also addresses the â€Å"1000 ship Navy/Global Maritime Partnership† which is the current initiative taken by the U.S. Navy. The article also underlines the focus or stand taken by the U.S. on the best way to deal with international maritime partnerships with the hope of increasing maritime security in the region of the Asia Pacific. The highlights of this article deal with the marine living resources such as fish and other marine animals. In addition, it emphasizes the importance conservation and management of these resources in order to enhance migration and population by finding better methods of decreasing pollution brought on by industrial wastes and human squalor. It also speaks of the inadequate law enforcement which has an adverse effect on the conservational and management practices of these Marie resources. This report was a conference that took place in Singapore in 2004. The Conference highlighted many facts such as piracy and terrorism that involved passenger liners and tankers placed in the highest zone of the maritime environment. It stated that Maritime security was vital to the stability and progress of the Asia Pacific countries. Most of the speakers stressed on the fact that more stringent mechanisms have to be developed and adapted in order to be read prepared for any eventual threat. The paper is an argument of the Spratly dispute that depicts the different signs of de-escalation that has taken place the past few years. It

Ford Company Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ford Company - Essay Example During the early stages according to Weiss (2003; pp.104) the Company produced few cars from its factory located in Detroit. Most of the employees were contractors, and each car was under two men. During the great depression, Ford Company fought all odds and emerged as the only Company which survived the harsh economic times. In 1908, there was the introduction of the first engine with a cylinder head which was removable. This invention accelerated the assembling of a Model A which was the first car which had a safety glass. The first low priced V8 engine began its operations in 1932, leading to the offering of the Lifeguard safety package. In the same year, the company introduced the child-roof locks for the doors and the standard deep-dish steering wheel. In the 1980’s in regard to the study work of Tiffany & Peterson, (2005; pp.89) there was the acquisition of the Jaguar Cars and Aston Martin by Ford Company so as to increase its level of competition. At the onset of the 21st century, the Companys operations were low on corporate bonds resulting from high U.S health care costs for the work force which was aging, eroding market share, soaring gasoline prices and much dependence on the SUV sales which were declining. After coming up with a way forward, there was the introduction of the Crossover SUV’s and developed the Ford Escape Hybrid SUV for the hybrid electric power train technologies. In 2001 according to Smith and Carl, (2007; pp.101) the company appointed Bill Ford as the chief executive officer and later appointed Alan Mulally as the president. In 2006, the company was able to raise its level of borrowing to 25 billion dollars and thus securing the credit line through the corporate assets. Currently, the Ford Company upgraded its bonds from junk to investment grade leading to lasting improvements and citing sustainable as seen in the research work of Shurtleff & Aoyagi (2011; pp.65). At the inception of the Ford

Landlord and Tenant law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Landlord and Tenant law - Essay Example The law protects and acts on behalf of both the landlord and the tenant. Ms. Richard the tenant has occupied the dwelling unit for a number of months. Since she moved in, the flat has been constantly damp due to roof leakage every time it rains. This has brought severe cold on her. She has frequently complained to the landlord who has not taken any action. Consequently, she has terminated paying the rent to accumulate enough money to engage a builder do the repairs. It is worth to note that Mr. Samson gave her a tenancy agreement, which is for a fixed term of two years. In the agreement tenancy, there is no reference to any repairing obligation of the landlord. It also prohibits keeping of pets but Ms. Richards keeps an Alsatian dog in the flat. She has also been convicted of possessing cannabis on the premises. Mr. Samson intends to evict Ms. Richards from his premises soon. According to section 109 (b) of the Landlord and Tenant Act, rent should be paid at the time and place agreed by the parties. The entire rent should be paid at the beginning of any term. One month’s rent should be paid at the beginning of each month of a longer term. Unless otherwise agreed, Mr Samson is justified to claim the rent arrears in a court of law and obtain possession of his house. He can evict Ms. Richard who has bleached the agreement under the Serious Rent Arrears ground and pursuant to section 21 of the Housing Act, 1998. We can compare the above justification to a case in London where one Mr. O had extensive rent arrears in Mr. S’s dwelling unit. Though Mr. S had not given a written tenancy agreement to the tenant, he was finally able to obtain possession of his property under the ground of Serious Rent Arrears. Compared to Mr. S, Mr. Samson is in a better position to acquire possession of his premises as he had issued a tenancy agreement to Ms. Richard at the commencement of her tenancy. (See, Landlord law 2009-Examples of successful

Sociology 269 - Globalization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sociology 269 - Globalization - Assignment Example Thus, technological advancement has promoted globalization in several ways. Globalization is not necessarily just the exchange of products among countries. Even the live chat people sitting hundreds of thousands of miles away from one another do promotes globalization in its way. Thus, most of the things we do on a daily basis on individual and collective level promotes globalization on a micro or a macro level. Globalization has opened the gate to multiculturalism that is omnipresent in the contemporary age. Today, when I look around in my classroom, I can see Japanese, Chinese, Indians, Mexicans, Americans, Koreans, Arabs and Indonesians. There are people from every culture, every religion, every class and every ideology around me. This is one of the fundamental reasons why democracy has been encouraged so wildly all over the world in the recent years. From nursery to the high school to the college to the workplace, multiculturalism is everywhere! I am a student of the Grant MacEwan University. When I look around, I can find something from almost every country I place my finger upon while rotating the globe ball. In my University, the Grant MacEwan hoodie is made in Canada, the Grant Macewan sweat pants are made in Honduras, the ball pen in its campus’s book store is made in Japan, Lays Chips in the campus’s convenience store are made in USA, the pocket hair comb in the same store has been retrieved from China, coffee available in its food outlets is made from the coffee beens imported from Mexico while fresh oranges are produced by the farmers in USA. Today, Africa is fed the same Nestle products that are consumed in the United States of America. A man in Pakistan is eating the same mango as another in Chicago. Persian rugs glorify the mansions of American elite. Chinese cuisine is endorsed by the people of Texas and Japanese cars are being driven on

Theory Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Theory Assignment - Essay Example There will almost always be some common ground from which to work. By working from known shared meanings, it is possible to attach new meanings and new workds by comparing either similarity or difference. Using the more visual metaphor or simile can work well in these circumstances, as long as there is also a clear shared understanding of meanings carries by such imagery. For example one might explain â€Å"timidity† as being afraid of small things, such as l0ooking someone else in the eye. However, in some Eastern and Asian cultures, it is the height of rudeness and a very aggressive act to look someone else directly in the eye. The opportunities for miscommunication are many and truly competent communicators are few. II: Discussing Plans for Saturday Night with my Friend’s Mother It was early one Saturday evening, and my friends and I were going out to hang in the downtown area near places where there were always lots of girs. My two friends left for a few minutes to get something, and I waited. Carl’s mother came into the livingroom where I was waiting, and asked me about where we were going, but she started right off by asking if we were going bird watching. She had overheard a conversation earlier between Murray, who is from the UK and Carl, her son. I did not realize that she had misunderstood, so I simply chatted with her. FM: So I heard you Murray and Carl planning to go bird watching with you tonight. Where will you do that? Me: Oh right on the boardwalk. There’s flocks of them there. FM: Really? At night? Me: Oh you know they love the bright lights and the music. FM: That music? I would think it would drive them away. Me: Well I admit it is a tad loud, and keeps the same beat all night, but one little drink solves that whole problem. They start dancing and get more thirsty, drink a little more and pretty some they love everything. FM: That sounds more like you are planning to catch them. Me: Oh no, nothing quite so crude. A fter all, they can’t fly. FM: What kinds of birds are they, Penguins or Dodos? Me: Oh no, they’re just girls. I’m sorry. Murray’s a Brit. To him all birds are girls, doncha know? FM: No, I don’t. The prettiest ones are the boys. Me: I stood silent for many seconds and then started to laugh. III: Analysis of the Miscommunication in the Conversation and the Causes In the previous conversation, the two speakers did not share the same definition for several of the key words. Notably the two most important were â€Å"bird† and â€Å"fly†, which are colloquial expressions in Great Britain meaning â€Å"girl† and â€Å"run away†. Several other parts of the conversation were ambiguous when paired with the meanings of these two words. â€Å"Drink† was meant as an alcoholic beverage, but was interpreted as meaning water by the listener, because she was convinced the conversation was about the animals that have wings and fly mostly in the day time. Neither participant in this conversation were actually competent communicators, since neither one tried to establish a base of meaning before carrying on with the conversation. The use of slang

Social Media Impact on How We Interact Research Paper

Social Media Impact on How We Interact - Research Paper Example For example, improved technology in information systems nowadays contributes to increased terrorism activities globally as it also helps in curbing the activity. However, apart form global issues, there are legal, social, and ethical issues resulting from the use of information technology in daily activities. The work that follows shows how security as a global issue relates to consumption of digital media or how the world incorporates digital media to present information. Most undertakings in the current world have adopted and started using the rising technology in information. Technology has even spread in areas that are desperately poor. There are many issues associated with global security which affect the world given that insecurity is now an issue of concern in the world. The rising insecurity in the world is a major concern that needs all countries’ preparation to curb its rise. ... Rise in global insecurity has led to introduction of education to fight terrorism and other related practices for example, studies on criminology is as a result of increased rates of insecurity. Information technology acts as a medium and opportunity for learners and educators to access information on various curriculums on fight against insecurity or crimes. This is because literacy in information technology offers scholars information on doing more compared to doing things that they did by hand for example, data processing, retrieving or passing information from one person to another (Menten, 2013). Digital media nowadays allows scholars to participate in the most sophisticated global experiences in education. How does Digital Media help students in Education? 1. Global Media Literacy Proper utilization of Information technology, if well utilized can help students studying criminology and other security related curriculum. Development of media literacy globally helps students to ac cess media from different countries around the world which contain news from international angles. This helps them evaluate how different countries fight insecurity, information which other countries can apply to their fight against insecurity because mass media brings out various’ countries perception on various issues. 2. Opinions on Global issues Exposure about other countries’ opinions helps students to evaluate how the countries argue regarding fight against insecurity. It is only through improved information technology such as social media that students have access to these arguments (Menten, 2013). Menten gives an example where Muslim students design digital audio slideshows of the

HR Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

HR Management - Essay Example Even though man material and machine are some of the essential resources needed for an organization, mobilization or effective utilization of these resources is possible only with the help of the human resources. Cross cultural business or international business is growing day by day because of the huge popularity of the globalization, liberalization and privatization policies. All the countries realized the importance of foreign direct investments in their economic growth. Many of the big organizations which faced saturation in their home country are currently trying to exploit the opportunities in international market and as a result of that international business is growing rapidly today. The growth of international business brought many new challenges to organizations and the communication problem is one among them. Human resource management department is responsible for formulating necessary strategies needed to avoid communication problems in international business. Culture and communication plays a vital role in international business and hence the training given to an employee/ manager before an overseas assignment must target cultural and communicational differences between the native country of the employee and the target country. When organizations move into foreign markets they must adapt to communication, culture and human resource issues. Domestic business and international businesses have more differences than similarities. It is easy to start a business in the home country whereas it is difficult to establish a business in a foreign country because of the difficulties in communicating with different stakeholders in the foreign country. This paper briefly analyses different communication problems faced by companies while engage in international business and the HRM strategies needed to overcome it. Before the establishment of business in another country, the entrepreneur must know some basic facts about the target country. The political, social, cultural, legal and economical aspects of the target country could be entirely different from that of his home country. For example, suppose an American company is trying to establish a business unit in China. China is a communist country whereas America is a democratic country. English is the official language of America whereas that of China is Mandarin. The Chinese economy is developing at a much faster rate than that of America. Human rights and freedom of expression are less valued topics in China whereas these things are extremely important in America. There are many other areas in which America and China vary drastically and the HRM strategies should account for all these differences before establishing a business unit in China. David A Victor (2009) has proposed his famous LESCANT model for knowing more about the communication issues in international business. According to him Language, Environment, Social organizations, Contexting, Authority, Nonverbal communication means, Time concepts etc of different countries are different (Victor) In America, English is the official language whereas in China, it is Mandarin. The importance of language in the communication process cannot be neglected while formulating HRM strategies in international context. If communication is the body of an organization, then language is the blood of it. In an organizational set up, communication can take place between the organization and the

Business Ethics & Professinal Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business Ethics & Professinal Ethics - Essay Example This is a broad core value, but becomes a necessity as a law enforcement officer. As a law enforcement officer or FBI agent, I would be investigating homicides, kidnappings, white collar crimes, and various other offenses. I must be prepared to investigate with the same amount of vigor every case I am assigned. For example, if I arrest an African American, white, Arab, or anyone else, I must treat them the same. If I was investigating the kidnapping of the President’s daughter or a homeless man’s daughter, I must put the same amount of effort in to the investigation. Profiles are used to track criminals, especially in the FBI. However, I must not racial profile, only criminal profile. All American citizens or individuals living in America deserve justice. A cop must follow certain rules to achieve justice for all. It is important to understand that justice sometimes cannot be achieved for all, but the goal is to try to achieve justice for all. In order to do this a few rules must be followed. One example is a suspect’s Miranda Rights. These are rights to remain silent, request a lawyer, or have a lawyer appointed to the suspect. If these Rights are not read, justice cannot be achieved for the suspect or the victim. Innocent suspects can be railroaded or guilty ones can go free, if a cop does not follow the rule of reading the Miranda Rights. Another rule to follow, that some police officers do not observe but should, is the keeping of the laws they enforce. Humans, even police officers, are not perfect. A speeding ticket should not strip a police officer from their post, but more serious offences should. For example, DUI’s, bounced checks, and definitely felonies should cause a police officer’s dismissal. An officer’s integrity would be in question if they commit a crime. They would no longer be able to search for justice, because justice needs to be enforced by those that obey the law. Finally, the last rule

Black like me Essay Example for Free

Black like me Essay A middle-aged white man from Mansfield Texas named John Howard Griffin is the main character and author of Black like Me. He was a man deeply committed to the cause of ending racial discrimination. In 1959, Griffin decided to take a pertinently extreme measure just to understand the plight of the black people. He underwent medical treatment to change the color of his skin and temporarily become a black man. Griffin’s experience was funded by George Levitan, the owner of Sepia, a black oriented magazine in return for an article about it. Griffin sets out for New Orleans. He finds a contact- Sterling Williams, an articulate, soft-spoken, and engaging shoe shiner. Along the way, Griffin experiences oppression, hardship, and prejudice. It is impossible to find a job, he is forbidden from ordering a drink at the soda fountain and he wasn’t allowed to use a restroom used by whites. Clerks refuse to cash his checks as well. Griffin travels to Alabama and into the Deep South and Mississippi and finds that the condition is even worse for blacks. He finds their condition alarming. Black communities seem defeated and run down. All day long, the word nigger† seems to echo everywhere he goes. After two months of a depressing life as a Black man, Griffin stops taking his medication and lightens his skin back to its original color. He notices that when he is a white man, whites treat him with respect and blacks treat him with suspicious fear; when he is a black man, blacks teat him with generosity and kindness and whites seem to look at him with contempt and hostility. The article is published in 1960 and he was called to do interviews. The article is published around the world and he receives both congratulatory mails and hateful reprisals. Mansfield consists of many racists so Griffin and his family moved to Mexico in August of that year. Griffin issues a plea for tolerance and understanding between the races so as to avoid the possible outbreak of terrible violence. II. A critique on the book Black like me is more of a memoir rather than a novel; it is an autobiographical memoir in particular. It springs out from the author’s real experiences as well as his personal opinions rather than from mere imaginations or artistic creativity. The book itself stared from a research project. Griffin ostensibly desires to experience hoe it is to be like a black man so that he may understand firsthand the hardships and obstacles that they encounter in their daily lives. The books main theme is racial discrimination. Griffin’s quest for equality and social justice led him to temporarily change his identity from a white man to a black one. This transition is one clear proof to the crucial importance of one’s skin color as a factor in determining one’s position in this world. Griffin writes about the hardships of finding shelter and food as a black man; the difficulties of cashing a check despite the fact that he didn’t change his identity; riding a bus or even just finding a restroom where blacks are allowed to use. Blacks and whites behave differently when in one another’s company. Whites look at blacks with contempt and hostility and blacks treat whites with suspicious fear. This behavior is different however when they are with their groups and just among themselves. They treat each other with respect, kindness and generosity. Neither race has an understanding of the other. Griffin’s Black like Me explores the themes of segregation, racism and the capacity of humans to love their fellowmen. In this novel, there is the presence of men who made a different stand. P. D. East, Sterling Williams, George Levitan, Adele Jackson, and Sam Gandy support Griffins advocacy; A proof that there is some goodness in this world. Black like me is a short book, but considered one of the finest pieces of literature ever produced. The social message of the author’s experience is clearly advocated through the narrative structure of the book. III. 3 incidents that I personally find interesting and why? †¢ When Griffin underwent a medical treatment – the ultraviolet radiation combined with oral medication to darken his skin pigmentation. I find it personally interesting because it is a rare occasion that a person will consider doing the same experiment as Griffin did. He did a pertinently extreme measure just to feel exactly how it is to be like a black man. The medical procedure that Griffin underwent is neither tested nor safe. He experienced pain and other side effects from his exposure to the ultraviolet as well as with the medication. †¢ When Griffin spends the day working on the shoe shine booth together with Williams and Joe and that they only have raccoon meat and rice eaten out of a tin can for their meals. This spells the gap between a white man eating in a luxurious restaurant and a black man who regards having enough to eat, no matter how crude the meal is, as a mark of dignity. †¢ When a white bully follows Griffin around, calling him names and threatening him. This incident only proves the material difference between whites and blacks. This incident portrayed the constant threat of violence, prejudice and oppression. In this particular scenario, he is treated like an animal being chased away just because the color of his ski is black.

Video Games Cause Violence And Behavior Problems Psychology Essay

Video Games Cause Violence And Behavior Problems Psychology Essay One of the major concerns is that they increase the nature of violence among the youth. The Harvard medical school or the Journal of adolescent health, as well as the British medical journal have concluded that there is a huge link between video game and violence. Studies have pointed towards a typical pattern between video game and negative behavioral/attitude problems associated with them. A research by the University of Indiana in the US, involving a brain scanning of some those who were involved in playing violent video games positively indicates a correlation between the violent behavior and the game they played. The research confirmed a substantial increase in the negative emotions of those who played some violent game as compared to those who either did not play any games or those who played a non-violent game. According to author Vince Mathews, parents should look more closely at the types of games their children are playing. Third paragraph Second argument Video games cause addiction and induce children to remain glued to the console for substantially longer period of time which often results in their giving up other activities. Perhaps excess of anything is bad and video games are no exception. In his article Video Games Addiction, Media literacy specialist, Dr. Charles Ungerleider states that if a youngster becomes addicted to video games it can be a problem. According to him practicing or making effort to achieve excellence in playing might not be an issue by itself, but it certainly becomes worrying if video games create hindrance in youngsters other tasks. He recommends parents or guardians intervention to create a balance in all their wards activities. According to Mary Schlimme in a 2002 article titled: Do We Need a Video Gamers Anonymous? Video game addicts are often described by clinicians in the field as displaying many symptoms characteristic of other addictions. According to her article, Addiction includes such behavior as failure to stop playing games, difficulties in work or school, telling lies to loved ones, decreased attention to personal hygiene, decreased attention to family and friends, and disturbances in the sleep cycle. Schlimme quotes Dr Orzack that many game addicts have struggled with finding their place in society and as a result play video games in order to become part of a crowd. She emphatically states excessive video game playing may not only cause behavioral and social changes in a person, but it may also result in neurological changes. Fourth paragraph third argument Even if video games and videos do not directly create killers and murderers out of the young people they may tend to contribute towards insensitivity and indifference towards violence. This is worrying because it may change the profile of the society in the longer run. In an article published in the Time Magazine on 10th May 1999 author and editors Joshua Quittner, Maryanne Buechner and Jay Ehrlich say The question isnt whether games make children kill, because it isnt that simple. The concerns are subtler yet no less worrisome. Do graphically violent games desensitize children to violence? Do such games teach kids to take pleasure in the suffering and death of others? Nicholas Carnagey, an Iowa State psychology instructor and Iowa State University Professor of Psychology Craig Anderson and Brad Bushman published an article The Effects of Video Game Violence on Physiological Desensitization to Real-Life Violence in the Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. In this paper, the aut hors explain the state of insensitivity towards violence a reduction in emotion-related physiological reactivity to real violence. Their latest study involves testing of college students. According to the study The results demonstrate that playing violent video games, even for just 20 minutes, can cause people to become less physiologically aroused by real violence. According to the article It appears that individuals who play violent video games habituate or get used to all the violence and eventually become physiologically numb to it. Fifth paragraph Transition Paragraph Supporter of the video games do not seem to take the issues seriously. Despite this overwhelming evidence that video game causes violence and problems in many children and among the youth, there are supporters who believe that there are advantages to video games in todays society. Key finding states in a research titled Internet Fantasy Violence: A Test of Aggression in an Online Games carried out in 2005 by Williams, D. Skoric, M there was no effect on levels of aggressiveness or in belief and behaviors of the gamers who were engaged in a violent massive multiplayer online role-playing game. Cheryl K. Olson, professor of Psychiatry at the Harvard Medical Schools Center for Mental Health and Media, in her 2004 article in the Journal Academic Psychiatry Media Violence Research and Youth Violence Data: Why Do TheyConflict? e carries out a comparison about between violence contained in various modern-day video games and in day to day real-life. She states there is no evidence that targ eted violence has increased in Americas schools. While such attacks have occurred in the past, they were and are extremely rare events. She goes on to write that, Theres no indication that violence rose in lockstep with the spread of violent games. In 2002 Dr. Van Eeenwyk of the Washington State Department of Health presented information indicating that after controlling for psychosocial factors, association between aggression and playing video games was not statistically significant. Massachusetts Institute of Techonology professor Hennery Jenkins says, 90 percent of boys and 40 percent of girls play video games. The overwhelming majority of kids who play do NOT commit antisocial acts. And, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the strongest risk factor for school shootings centered on mental stability and quality of home life, not media exposure. Critics claim that video games are addictive has also been refuted by some supporters of the video games. In a response to a proposal in 2007 to brand video g ame addiction as a mental health issue similar to the addiction to alcohol, doctors and supporters of video games opposed the proposal. The supporters say that there is no evidence to indicate a proper basis for any such theory. These same supporters of video games argue that video game, computer and television are not only an excellent medium of imparting knowledge to and education to children, but also they assist the pupils with their studies at home as well as in the educational institutions. According to psychologists video games are a good means of mental exercise for the children who play these games. In many video games, in order to win, the player needs to have a good strategic thinking.   This is something that is generally not available at the school in the form of an academic subject.   Some of the mental exercise and knowledge obtained through using video games include the art of coordination between a childs eye and his/her hand.  Some supporters of video games s ay that video games teach children to plan and build their strategic thinking. Steven Johnson, author of Everything Bad is Good For You: How Todays Popular Culture is Actually Making Us Smarter, calls this telescoping. Gamers must deal with immediate problems while keeping their long-term goals on their horizon. Sixth paragraph Refutation of opponents counter- argument While there are researchers and supporters who claim that the video games do not have an effect on the increase in aggression and violence in the behavior of the gamers, yet those researches and studies are not based on modern scientific lines. Those studies are not as comprehensive and as scientific as those carried out by Craig Anderson, David Grossman or others. The supporters studies are generalized and are based more on hypothetical basis rather than actual scientific methodology. As proved by the various researches quoted above, their findings are flawed. Seventh paragraph Refutation of opponents counter- argument Supporters of the video games say that video games are healthy and educational. They claim video games provide children with quality mental exercise.   In several games, in order to win, the player must possess good strategic thinking and be swift with his skills. However, the fact is that addiction to video games causes not only health and other problems, including social ones, but also results in poor school results and grades, lack of concentration to academics and class activities. The critics have always disputed this claim about video games contributing to health and education. Dr. Louis Kraus of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and a psychiatrist at Rush University Medical Center, has stated The more time kids spend on video games, the less time they will have socializing, the less time they will have with their families, the less time they will have exercising. They can make up academic deficits, but they cant make up the social ones, he said. As a re sult of this, one in ten youths, may be suffering from family, social, school or psychological damage. In several studies it has been clearly proved that the youth under examination had problems concentrating on academics and their school routine, as a result of which not only they lost grades at the school but also were subject to some severe health issues including depression. Final paragraph Conclusion. Based on the above research it is clearly evident that violent video games contribute to the aggressive and violent behavior and addiction to video games. However, considering some of the advantages of the video games, their use must not be prohibited. Parents and guardians should do the following to reduce the effect of violence. Monitor video game play the same way one needs to monitor television and other media. Parents are responsible to be kind, loving but at the same time attentive and firm to properly discipline their wards. An aggressive child is more a product of dysfunctional parenting than anything else, including violent games and TV.   To avoid possibilities of addiction, parents should attempt to provide a variety of entertainment to their children. It would be a good idea to make sure that children read quality books, involve themselves in sports and interact with other children and their friends.

Functionalism Essay -- Philosophy, Psychofunctionalism

Functionalism is a materialist stance in the philosophy of mind that argues that mental states are purely functional, and thus categorized by their input and output associations and causes, rather than by the physical makeup that constitutes its parts. In this manner, functionalism argues that as long as something operates as a conscious entity, then it is conscious. Block describes functionalism, discusses its inherent dilemmas, and then discusses a more scientifically-driven counter solution called psychofunctionalism and its failings as well. Although Block’s assertions are cogent and well-presented, the psychofunctionalist is able to provide counterarguments to support his viewpoint against Block’s criticisms. I shall argue that though both concepts are not without issue, functionalism appears to satisfy a more acceptable description that philosophers can admit over psychofunctionalism’s chauvinistic disposition that attempts to limit consciousness only to th e human race. To commence, functionalists are preoccupied with making mental states distinct, partly on the basis of causal relations to other mental states. Functionalism involves the conviction that psychological or mental terms can be done away to a certain extent. Functionalists treat terms related to mental states as functional characterizations which differ from input and output terms. Therefore, when the theory is broken down, mental states are associated with the states of the Turing-machine, which on its own is defined as a machine table that mentions inputs and outputs that are not explored in the mind (Block, pg. 212). Additionally, functionalism empathizes that characterization of mental states ought to include descriptions of inputs and outputs in both it... ...e to claim that objects that were created by humans, including robots, wire and metal structures and series of computer networks could and do possess qualia. Once people have reached the highest nirvana in the limits of consciousness and can create a consciousness device to measure its depths among classes of humans and non-humans, then functionalism can be shelved and rejected if it is the case that a robot does not contain qualia. Until then, however, functionalism needs to be carefully considered and not disregarded for its merits in the problem of mental states. Though for many, psychofunctionalism may be the more favorable choice because it is easier for people to consider themselves as the most intelligent beings and rulers of the universe rather than every collection of objects that satisfy the functional role to have consciousness on the same level as them.

The Different Development of the New England, Southern, and Middle Colo

The Different Development of the New England, Southern, and Middle Colonies America was a place for dreams and new beginnings, until white people arrived in 1607. Three groups sailed over the treacherous Atlantic from their cruel lives in England to set up peaceful religious colonies. The only problem is that they attempted to settle in their own way and all failed dismally. The New England, Middle and Southern Colonies grew differently over the period 1619-1760.Examining the three sets of colonies will prove that they were all different: socially, economically, politically but not philosophically. Socially the three groups of colonies developed differently. The New England Colonies life was dominated by the Puritan religion. There was strict observation of the Sabbath, people dressed in somber clothing, Christmas and birthdays were not celebrated and religious tolerance was not practiced. People supported each other to create a one-class system: middle class, a homogenous background. In the Middle Colonies the cosmopolitan population celebrated for any reason, wore the latest European Fashions and practiced religious toleration. They had a two-class system of upper class landowners and middle class professionals living in large cities. In the Southern Colonies the plantations and cosmopolitan environment dominated social life. The Southern Colonies had a strict three class system: upper class rich plantation owners, middle class small plantation owners, lower class ...

Technology and Education Essay -- essays papers

Technology and Education When I first stepped foot into a Towson University classroom I was surprised by what I saw. What I saw was something I thought only belonged in corporate meeting rooms. This device I speak of was a digital overhead projector. For me this was something new and very exciting. Where I went to school the idea of technology was a television with a VCR on a rolling stand. This change in technology was far superior than I had ever imagined and this is why I was I chose this topic to research. With all of the new technology that is being produced daily and so much of it beneficial to our education system what topic could be more interesting. The three topics I would like to cover in my research are the pros and cons of technology in education, current technology being used in education, and the future of technology in the classroom. When debating on whether or not technology in education is a useful resource there are many arguments from both sides of the argument with the pro’s outweighing the cons. There are many ways that technology can improve the education of children all over the country. Using technology can improve a student’s performance when all of these factors are present, when technology provides the student a chance to work with the technology being used to teach the class. Also when the technology is directly tied into the course and when the parents and other people in the community support the technology being used. There is also the convenience factor that makes technology so useful in the classroom. With digital projectors teachers can put all of their notes onto power point slides and teach straight from those instead of having to take time to write everything on the board and if a studen... ...many more online classes and schools. Right now there are a few online schools that have proven to be very successful and many schools are offering online classes. In the upcoming years the amount of these schools and classes will without a doubt increase. Technology has and will play a vital part in education. In the past it was very difficult to teach students something other than what was in the text book or in the local library. With the advancement of technology and the internet teachers can now teach a broader range of topics that students could research on the internet. Also with all of this technology it makes the learning process simpler and somewhat more enjoyable. I don’t the world would be where it is and go where it is going without this technology, it creates a very heterogeneous society and allows people to study things they never thought they could.

Freedom within a Panoptical Society Essay

The concepts â€Å"moderm† and â€Å"post-modern† have become common currency in intellectual debates. Within such debates, the postmodern is perceived as an epoch, a perspective, or an entirely new paradigm of thought. Such a conception of the aforementioned term stems from its rootedness in the conception of the modern. Chia notes that what distinguishes the postmodern from the modem is â€Å"a style of thinking which eschews the uncritical use of common terms such as ‘organizations’, ‘individuals’, ‘environment’, ‘structure’, and ’culture’, etc† (579). These terms refer to the existence of social entities and attributes within a modernist conception of social reality. The rationale behind this lies in the ontological conception of being which privileges thinking in terms of discrete phenomenal states, static attribute and sequential events. As opposed to such an ontological conception of reality, the postmodern stands as the champion of weak forms of ontology that â€Å"emphasize a transient, ephemeral and emergent reality† (Chia 579). If such is the case, it thereby follows that a postmodernist perspective of reality adheres to thought styles wherein reality is deemed to be continuously in flux and transformation and hence unrepresentable thereby impossible to situate within a static conception of reality. An adoption of a post-modernist perspective of reality thereby leads to a rethinking of the modern conceptions of social reality since adherence to postmodernist perspectives lead to the de-emphasis on forms and attributes. Such a conception of reality however tends to emphasize the importance of local methods, which collectively define social reality. In a sense, the shift from a modern to a postmodern conception of reality thereby leads to the re-definition of existing ontological conceptions of reality that determine the various forms of intellectual priorities as well as theoretical stipulations in the study and conception of being. Such a perception of reality [that is highly characterized by the postmodern turn] is evident in Michel Foucault’ perspectives as to the workings of social reality. Michel Foucault’s use of Jeremy Bentham’s concept â€Å"panopticon’ in his book Discipline and Punish presents a discussion of the aspect of surveillance while placing emphasis on a fundamental change and break resulting from the changes in the social and theatrical arrangements during the 1800’s. The difference in methodology is evident if one considers that as opposed to the old methodology wherein the many see the few, modern methodology has enabled the shift wherein the few see the many. Foucault notes that such a shift shows the manner in which â€Å"the instantaneous view of a great multitude† is procured for a small number of individuals or even for a single individual (216). He further notes that the implications of such show the manner in which Our society is one not of spectacle, but of surveillance†¦We are much less Greek than we believe. We are neither in the amphitheater, nor on the stage, but in the panoptical machine, invested by its effects of power which we bring to ourselves since we are a part of its mechanism. (Foucault 217) Such a perspective is based on the assumption that society stands as the locus for the interplay of various forms of power relations. Such forms of power relation determine the manner in which an individual situates himself/herself within his/her surroundings. Surveillance, in this sense, may be seen as a method which society inscribes upon an individual as he/she chooses to regulate his/her actions dependent upon the form of power relation in which he/she has direct access. It is important to note, that Foucault’s notion of panopticonism also emphasizes the existence of freedom within a predefined space. Understanding power is central to understanding Foucault’s analysis of subjectivity. Foucault explicitly rejects the paradigm of power as repression, arguing that power is not only negative but also productive. He rejects the juridical model of power, wherein power is characterized as repressive, rule-based, uniform, and prohibitive. According to this model, the subject is constituted as one who obeys this negative unilateral power. Foucault characterizes power as positive and productive. Power is everywhere, a multiplicity of force relations; it is always local and unstable. This ubiquity of power does not preclude resistance. On the contrary, resistance(s) can only exist in the strategic field of power relations. Power is action that runs through and between things; power is first and foremost relational. Not only is power always a relationship, but power relationships exist everywhere. Freedom, in this sense, is to be understood as composed of positive and negative aspects. Although one exists within panoptical society, it is possible to engage in cases of positive freedom through the engagement of actions, which contradicts the dominant discourses. In the popular feminist movements, for example, such an act involves the redefinition of the feminine as opposed to the presumed patriarchal conception of the female. Such is the manner in which Foucault’s philosophy emphasizes the fluidity of structures despite its existence within a panoptical realm. The way in which our current society is controlled and determined by the panoptical gaze can also be seen in the various ways in which media affects the viewpoint held by an individual. Capitalism, through media and advertising commodifies values such as individuality. By linking the false notion of individuality to a certain commodity, consumers think that they are unique, that they are different. A deeper analysis however reveals that the aforementioned claim to individuality is nothing but an illusion; a figment of the mind manufactured and institutionalized by capitalists. It is not only the case that it is manufactured and institutionalized; it is also sold to the consumers. This leads to the deception of the masses who believes that they possess individuality whereas they fail to see that this individuality is instilled and mass produced by the market. The paradox in this is evident if one considers that values such as individuality are acquired by individuals through the consumption of goods sold in the market. In this sense, failure to consume such goods leads to a certain form of exclusion within society. In order to ‘belong’, one thereby adheres to the fads. The necessity to be an ‘individual’ [unique] is thereby ensured by society’s panoptical gaze. The manner in which the market prescribes and sells individuality [or any other value within society] was discussed by Susan Bordo in her essay â€Å"Beauty (Re) discovers the Male Body†. In the aforementioned text, Bordo describes a certain type of â€Å"gaze† which ensures the control of the body. As Foucault states, an inspecting gaze will ensure that each individual will exercise surveillance over himself. The gaze, in the context of Bordo’s work is centered on the body. The manner in which such a manner of self-surveillance is ensured is through the acculturation of the individual himself. In Ways of Seeing, John Berger discusses the ways in which the process of acculturation or the socialization process itself enables the individual to develop a certain taste for the ‘beautiful’. Berger argues that society and culture prescribe and determine both the normative and substantive taste of an individual. Compared to Bordo, whose focus is on the body, Berger focuses on the manner in which works of art are dictated by the modes f production within a specific place. True enough it is also dubious if an individual is capable of perceiving an object without interest whatsoever. We choose what we want to perceive and even if we state that there are instances wherein we are â€Å"captured† by a beautiful object, it gains our attention only because it is something which is important to us. In a room filled with people for example, we notice a specific person because that person has value to us. The platter of fruits does not become pleasing to eye simply because it is arranged in a certain manner which allowed us to see their symmetry with each other and the brightness of their skins, we also find it beautiful because somehow subconsciously we know that it is an important object or if it is a painting of a platter of fruits, it presents us with an image of objects which give us sustenance. In this sense it also seems that judgments of taste are also partly ruled by reason just like the sublime. Reason tells us that there is a level of significance to these objects. Works of art present us with ways of seeing reality. These ways are affected, influenced, or shall we just say dictated by the type of discourse which is prevalent in a specific society or even in a specific era. It is the importance of an object which allows us to subconsciously or even consciously associate beauty with these objects. The similarity of Foucault, Bordo, and Berger’s work may thereby be attributed to the importance they give to culture in determining the self as well as the restrictions of this self. Within such a setting, individual freedom may be seen as being dependent an individual’s capability to recognize the sources of both positive and negative power. In other words, it lies in the individual’s capability to realize that within a society ruled by a panoptical gaze, it is still possible to ascertain one’s autonomy by engaging in actions [or constituting a self] that goes against dominant the discourse. Works Cited Berger, John. Ways of Seeing. New York: Viking Press, 1973. Bordo, Susan. â€Å"Beauty (Re) discovers the Male Body†. Chia, R. â€Å"From Modern to Postmodern Organizational Analysis†. Organizational Studies 16 (1995): 579-604. Foucault, M. Discipline and Punish The Birth of the Prison. New York: Vintage, 1974.